Queensland There was a net gain of 7, people from internal migration in the March quarter, compared with gains of 9, people in the previous quarter and 6, in the March quarter.
Interstate arrivals decreased from 30, in the previous quarter to 28, in the March quarter, while departures increased from 20, to 21, March quarter arrivals were at their highest for a quarter since September , and departures were at their highest since December Greater Brisbane There was a net gain of 3, people for Greater Brisbane in the March quarter, compared with 4, in the previous quarter.
Brisbane had net gains of people from the rest of the state and 2, interstate. South Australia There was a net gain of people from internal migration in the March quarter, compared with a gain of people in the previous quarter and a loss of people in the March quarter. The net gain in the March quarter was the largest net gain since this series began in Interstate arrivals increased from 7, in the previous quarter to 7, in the March quarter, while departures decreased slightly from 6, to 6, Greater Adelaide There was a net gain of 60 people for Greater Adelaide in the March quarter, compared with a net loss of in the previous quarter.
Adelaide had a net loss of people to the rest of the state, and a net gain of from interstate, the first net interstate gain since September Western Australia There was a net gain of 1, people from internal migration in the March quarter, compared with a gain of 1, people in the previous quarter and a net loss of people in the March quarter. Interstate arrivals increased from 8, in the previous quarter to 9, in the March quarter, while departures decreased from 7, to 7, Greater Perth There was a net gain of 1, people for Greater Perth in the March quarter, compared with 1, in the previous quarter.
Perth had net gains of people from the rest of the state and 1, interstate. Tasmania There was a net gain of people from internal migration in the March quarter, compared with gains of people in the previous quarter and the March quarter. Interstate arrivals remained unchanged from the previous quarter at 3, while departures were also unchanged at 3, March quarter arrivals were at their lowest for a quarter since the September quarter, and departures were at their highest since December Greater Hobart There was a net loss of people for Greater Hobart in the March quarter, compared with 90 in the previous quarter.
Hobart had net losses of people to the rest of the state and interstate. The net loss in the March quarter was the largest since the June quarter Northern Territory There was a net loss of people from internal migration in the March quarter, compared with losses of people in the previous quarter and in the March quarter.
The net loss in the March quarter was the largest net loss since the March quarter Interstate arrivals decreased slightly from 4, in the previous quarter to 4, in the March quarter, while departures remained unchanged at 4, Greater Darwin There was a net loss of people for Greater Darwin in the March quarter, compared with a net gain of in the previous quarter.
Darwin had a net gain of people from the rest of the territory, and a net loss of interstate. Australian Capital Territory There was a net gain of people from internal migration in the March quarter, compared with a gain of people in the previous quarter and a loss of in the March quarter.
This includes non-Australian residents who are granted temporary eligibility such as academics, skills transfer employees and those in the Various Contributory Parent Visa Category of Medicare.
The coverage of children is enhanced by the National Childhood Immunisation Register a subset of the Medicare register. Data content Suitable: Medicare data includes unit record change of address details as well as sex and date of birth from which age can be calculated.
Geographic level Suitable: Postcode level data provide sufficient geographic information. Timeliness and periodicity Suitable: Data are available on the 7th working day after the end of the reference quarter showing quarterly movements.
Historical availability Suitable. Consistency Suitable: Consistency is acceptable. However there have been some inconsistencies in the s relating to card re-issue schemes. A system change in February of also resulted in some minor inconsistencies. The ABS will also continue to supplement this data with Defence Force data to compensate for the interstate movements of defence force personnel not covered by Medicare.
Back to top 6. These data have potential to be valuable for estimating the numbers of working age movers persons aged years.
A evaluation conducted by the ABS found income tax return data to have two main limitations. The first is that the data are only available annually and therefore are not suitable for the ABS' production of quarterly estimates of interstate migration. The second main limitation found was that it did not meet the timeliness criterion. Substantial coverage of tax returns is only available 12 months after the end of the financial year, meaning that if the ABS was to use this data, estimates of interstate migration would be lagged by more than one year.
This mainly covers the working age group persons aged years. Change of address details are not captured for dependent children and there is only limited coverage available for those persons aged 65 years and over. The population also covers significantly more males than females in most age groups. Data content Unsuitable: Taxation data include change of address details. However, because substantial coverage of tax returns is only available 12 months after the end of the financial year, age of movers can only be approximated within a two year period as the exact date an individual moved is unknown.
Data are limited to those individuals who complete a tax return over two consecutive years. Geographic level Suitable: Postcode level data allow for sufficient geographic information.
Timeliness and periodicity Unsuitable: There is a significant lack of timeliness. Using this data would mean that estimates of interstate migration would be lagged by more than one year. The data are only produced annually making it unsuitable for the ABS' quarterly estimations of interstate migration. Historical availability Suitable: Taxation change of address data are available from and prior to that if needed. Consistency Suitable. Electronic capture Suitable: The data could be captured in some electronic format.
In addition to the incomplete coverage, the data source's lack of timeliness makes it inappropriate for producing up-to-date estimates. Also, the data are only available annually making it an inappropriate source for quarterly estimates. Back to top 7. Commercial applications of the address-change database are managed by the First Direct Solutions formerly Geospend Division of Australia Post.
The database distinguishes between permanent movers those who use the service for a duration of one, three, six or 12 months and temporary movers those who select a date for the service to finish. It does not, however, contain age or sex details. Furthermore, although the database includes the date of commencement of redirection, this may not necessarily be the date of migration.
The addresses can be CD-coded by Australia Post, and a database containing the origin and destination CD of each redirection application but no person-identifiable information can be purchased. This database is potentially very useful for planners as it can be used to analyse and model mobility between small and user-defined geographical areas anywhere in Australia and over any period.
Census data, which provide the same geographic options, are only available every five years and provide the location on census night, one year earlier and five years earlier.
However, the address change database is not a suitable data source for the ABS to use for interstate migration estimation because its coverage of the population of movers in Australia is incomplete. Possible factors that influence whether or not movers use the service include income, intended duration of migration, remoteness of origin or destination, whether or not all household members are moving, whether or not the mover already receives all of their mail at a Post Office Box that they can access from both their origin and destination address e.
In addition, age or English literacy skill may influence which household members are nominated on the address redirection form.
The direction of net migration was also consistent between the two data sources, i. However, the analysis also indicated that the Australia Post database's estimates of movers overall remained significantly lower than ABS estimates. Table 4 Assessment against Evaluation Criteria a , Australia Post data Criteria Assessment Population and coverage Unsuitable: The population of the Australia Post address change database is all people with an active redirection notice and other members of the household who are nominated on that notice.
Comparisons with ABS estimates of interstate movement, which are based on address changes advised to Medicare, indicate that significantly less movers are represented in the Australia Post database than ABS estimates.
In addition, the ABS has reservations on how representative these data are. Data content Unsuitable: The database contains geographic indicators of origin and destination addresses, but does not contain age or sex details. The database includes the date of commencement of redirection, but this may not necessarily be the date of migration. Submission of a change of address notice depends on knowing a destination address, and people moving to a new location may first have mail redirected to a temporary address, e.
Geographic level Suitable: Postcode or CD level data allow for sufficient geographic information. Timeliness and periodicity Suitable. Electronic capture Suitable: The data are available in some electronic format. This is primarily due to the limited population coverage, with the database only covering those movers who use the redirection service. Back to top 8. The collection includes student details such as single year of age, school year and state or territory for every enrolled student in Australia.
Due to state and territory variations in compulsory school ages, the data could only provide consistent coverage for those students aged 6 to 14 years. The NSSC data source is unsuitable for use in quarterly interstate migration estimates for two main reasons.
Firstly, NSSC student details are only available in aggregate form rather than at the individual record level. Secondly, the data is only available annually, making it unsuitable for quarterly estimates.
Table 5 Assessment against Evaluation Criteria a , School enrolment data Criteria Assessment Population and coverage Unsuitable: NSSC school enrolment data cover all enrolled students in Australia, however consistent coverage between states and territories is only available for students aged 6 to 14 years. Data content Unsuitable: Data are only available in aggregated form rather than at the individual record level. Geographic level Unsuitable: Although NSSC data are at the suitable state level, they are only available for the school, not the student.
Timeliness and periodicity Unsuitable: Data are available seven months after the reference quarter. Data are only available annually meaning they are unsuitable for quarterly estimates. Historical availability Suitable: Historical data are available in aggregate form. Electronic capture Suitable: Data are available electronically in spreadsheet form for government schools or as a CSV file for non-government schools.
At present , the data are only available in aggregate form. Data are also not available quarterly. Back to top 9. The main limitations of the NEVDIS database for interstate migration estimation purposes is that it does not record a previous address, only the current address of each licence-holder, and it does not include Tasmanian data.
In addition, not all usual residents of Australia hold driver licences and the minimum age at which a licence may be obtained varies across the states and territories.
The minimum age at which a licence may be obtained varies across Australia. Not all usual residents of Australia have licences. Historical availability Unsuitable: No historical data are available. If the data source was used, the ABS would have to request and store data as at each point of time required to compile a time series for future use, e. Consistency Suitability note yet determined.
This is primarily due to the fact that the database does not include a previous address for licence-holders. In addition, coverage is limited due to the exclusion of Tasmanian data and the fact that not every mover in Australia holds a driver licence. Back to top Please enable JavaScript in your browser.
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Summary: View help for Summary Interstate migration in developing countries is a key income generating strategy for low-income households. In India, despite the importance of migration between states, interstate migrants continue to face significant integration barriers in their destination states.
The impact of state borders is significant and large on migration within India. This study presents one of the first attempts at creating a set of indicators to understand the role of state-level policies for the integration of interstate migrants in a developing country.
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